International Research Journal of Engineering Science, Technology and Innovation

Collaborative Robots (Cobots) and the Future of Human-Machine Interaction in Industry

Vikram Rao^* Department of Industrial Automation, Horizon Engineering University, Bengaluru, India
^*Corresponding Author:
Vikram Rao, Department of Industrial Automation, Horizon Engineering University, Bengaluru, India, Email: bhatt.soundrya@gmail.com

Received: 01-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. irjesti-25-169523; Editor assigned: 03-Mar-2025, Pre QC No. irjesti-25-169523(PQ); Reviewed: 17-Mar-2025, QC No. irjesti-25-169523; Revised: 21-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. irjesti-25-169523(R); Published: 29-Mar-2025

INTRODUCTION

Collaborative robots, or cobots, represent a significant evolution in industrial automation by working alongside humans in shared spaces without traditional safety barriers (Zhang R et al., 2018). Unlike traditional industrial robots that require isolation, cobots are equipped with advanced sensors, force-limiting technology, and AI-based control systems (Dalakouras A et al., 2018). Their applications span assembly, packaging, quality inspection, and machine tending. As manufacturing shifts toward flexible production systems, cobots enable adaptability and improved efficiency. This article explores cobot technology, benefits, challenges, and its role in the future of smart factories (Bouche N et al., 2006).

DESCRIPTION

Cobots are designed for ease of programming through intuitive interfaces, including teach pendants and hand-guiding (Pratt AJ et al., 2010). They typically have payload capacities from 3 to 35 kg, making them suitable for light to medium-duty tasks. Safety features include collision detection, reduced speed near humans, and compliance with ISO/TS 15066 standards (Sakurai K et al., 2010). Integration with vision systems enables cobots to identify and manipulate parts with high precision. In automotive assembly, cobots perform repetitive fastening tasks while human workers handle complex decision-making. In electronics, they assist in delicate PCB assembly and inspection (Naito Y et al., 2012).

DISCUSSION

Cobots increase productivity by handling monotonous or ergonomically challenging tasks (Jain PK et al., 2018). They enable manufacturers to reconfigure production lines rapidly for new product introductions. Their cost-effectiveness makes automation accessible to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) (Das PR et al., 2020). However, cobot adoption is limited by payload and speed constraints compared to traditional robots. Workforce training is essential to maximize their potential. Safety remains a priority—although cobots are designed for safe interaction, improper programming or integration can introduce hazards (Abdurakhmonov IY et al., 2016). Future advancements may involve AI-powered self-learning cobots that adapt to dynamic environments. Integrating cobots into Industry 4.0 ecosystems, including IoT and cloud platforms, will further enhance productivity. As these technologies mature, cobots will play an integral role in hybrid human-machine workforces (Pumplin N et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION

Collaborative robots offer flexibility, safety, and ease of integration into diverse manufacturing environments. While limitations in payload and speed exist, ongoing technological improvements promise to expand their capabilities. Cobots bridge the gap between manual labor and full automation, making them a key enabler of smart manufacturing. Their synergy with AI, IoT, and data analytics will shape the next generation of industrial production systems.

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