Signal transduction plays a pivotal role in regulating how plants perceive, process, and respond to environmental and developmental cues. Through a coordinated network of receptors, secondary messengers, protein kinases, and transcriptional regulators, signal transduction systems enable precise and rapid cellular responses. Recent advances in molecular biology have revealed how hormone signaling, calcium waves, reactive oxygen species, and phosphorylation cascades interact to shape plant physiology. These pathways help coordinate processes such as seed germination, root development, stomatal regulation, and defense against pathogens. Plants rely heavily on their ability to interpret external stimuli—light, temperature, water availability, and biotic stress—through specialized receptor proteins and downstream signaling modules. This article explores key mechanisms governing plant signal transduction and highlights their importance for environmental adaptation. Understanding these signaling networks supports the development of stress-resilient crops and enhances our ability to engineer plants with improved growth performance under changing climatic conditions.
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