Gas exchange is a central physiological process in plants, enabling carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen and water vapor. This exchange occurs primarily through stomata—microscopic pores on leaf surfaces—whose opening and closing are influenced by environmental cues such as light, humidity, temperature, and CO? concentration. The efficiency of gas exchange determines photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency, and overall plant productivity. Modern research reveals that guard cell behavior is regulated by complex signaling pathways involving ions, hormones like abscisic acid, and circadian rhythms. Environmental stresses such as drought, heat, and pollution strongly affect stomatal dynamics and internal CO? diffusion, often limiting photosynthesis. Plants respond with adaptive strategies including altered stomatal density, cuticular modifications, and biochemical adjustments. Understanding gas exchange mechanisms is essential for improving crop yields and managing plant responses to climate change. This article highlights key physiological and molecular aspects of gas exchange in plants.
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