Clinical trials are the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine, providing a structured framework to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and optimal use of new drugs before their introduction into clinical practice. They bridge the gap between preclinical research and real-world therapeutic application by systematically testing hypotheses under controlled conditions. In pharmacology, clinical trials ensure that the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic profiles of new agents are thoroughly understood. With increasing complexity in diseases and therapeutic modalities, trial designs have evolved to include adaptive protocols, biomarker-driven patient selection, and digital monitoring technologies. Regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, EMA, and WHO, set stringent guidelines to protect participants while ensuring scientific integrity.
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