Symbiosis in plants encompasses a wide range of mutualistic, commensal, and sometimes parasitic interactions that significantly influence plant growth, survival, and ecological success. Mutualistic symbioses—such as mycorrhizal associations and nitrogen-fixing partnerships—are among the most beneficial, providing plants with essential nutrients, enhanced stress tolerance, and improved soil adaptability. Molecular communication between partners involves signal molecules, receptor activation, and coordinated gene expression that ensure the establishment and maintenance of successful associations. Environmental factors such as soil fertility, pH, and microbial diversity also shape symbiotic outcomes. Emerging research highlights the role of plant hormones, secondary metabolites, and small RNAs in regulating these interactions. Understanding plant symbiosis is essential for enhancing sustainable agriculture, as symbiotic organisms can reduce fertilizer dependence and promote soil health. This article explores the mechanisms, ecological roles, and adaptive significance of symbiotic relationships in plants, highlighting recent advances in plant–microbe interaction research.
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