Photosynthesis is the fundamental biological process that drives plant growth and supports nearly all life on Earth by converting light energy into chemical energy. Recent research has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms underlying this process. Improvements in imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, and transcriptomic profiling have revealed the dynamic regulation of photosynthetic complexes and electron transport pathways. Additionally, studies on photoprotection, carbon fixation efficiency, and stomatal regulation have highlighted how plants optimize energy capture while minimizing stress-induced damage. Environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, water availability, and nutrient status strongly influence photosynthetic performance, emphasizing the need to explore adaptive mechanisms. This article discusses key advancements in photosynthetic research and their importance for improving crop productivity. A deeper understanding of photosynthesis is essential for developing climate-resilient plants and enhancing global food security in the face of environmental change.
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