Plant nutrition is a fundamental aspect of plant growth and development, influencing productivity, stress tolerance, and overall ecosystem function. Plants require a balanced supply of essential macro- and micronutrients to support physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, enzyme activation, and cell division. Nutrient uptake involves complex interactions between root systems, soil properties, and microbial communities that enhance nutrient availability. Modern research reveals that plants employ sophisticated molecular transporters, signaling pathways, and regulatory networks to maintain internal nutrient homeostasis. Deficiencies or toxicities in nutrients rapidly affect plant metabolism and compromise crop quality. Additionally, sustainable nutrient management is becoming increasingly important as agricultural systems face challenges posed by climate change and soil degradation. Understanding the mechanisms of nutrient acquisition, assimilation, and transport provides new opportunities to improve fertilizer efficiency and develop nutrient-efficient crop varieties. This article reviews key elements of plant nutrition and highlights recent advances in nutrient uptake and regulation.
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