Pathogen resistance is a critical component of plant survival, enabling crops to defend themselves against a wide range of microbial threats including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Plants rely on a complex immune system that integrates structural barriers, chemical defenses, and molecular recognition pathways to detect and neutralize invading pathogens. Recent advances in molecular biology, genomics, and imaging technologies have revealed intricate signaling networks involving pattern-recognition receptors, resistance (R) genes, and defense-related hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. These components work together to activate defense responses, from localized cell death to systemic acquired resistance. Understanding pathogen-resistance mechanisms offers significant opportunities for sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and developing disease-resistant crop varieties. This article explores emerging insights into plant immune responses and highlights their importance in maintaining crop health under increasing global disease pressures.
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