Genetics plays a fundamental role in shaping the diversity, performance, and adaptability of crop plants. Advances in molecular markers, genome mapping, and high-throughput sequencing have greatly improved our ability to identify genes associated with agronomically important traits. Understanding the genetic basis of variation allows researchers to track inheritance patterns, investigate allele interactions, and develop improved crop varieties through marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction. Recent studies highlight the contributions of structural variations, regulatory mutations, and epigenetic factors in shaping plant phenotypes under environmental stress. As climate change intensifies, identifying genetic determinants of tolerance to drought, temperature extremes, and diseases is increasingly important. This article examines key genetic mechanisms influencing adaptation and explores how modern breeding strategies utilize genetic information. By integrating classical genetics with contemporary genomics, researchers can accelerate crop improvement and develop varieties capable of sustaining global food production in unpredictable environments.
Share this article